How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test

How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test Addiction Alcohol Use Print How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on November 18, 2019 FatCamera / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The FAST alcohol screening test screens patients for hazardous drinking in busy medical offices and emergency rooms. Its specially designed to make a fast assessment. The majority of patients who take the FAST test only have to answer the first question.  So, depending on your response to the first question of the test, you might not need to answer the other questions at all. This is what makes the FAST test potentially the shortest hazardous drinking screening tool available today. Questions on the FAST Alcohol Screening Test Here are the four questions on the FAST test: 1. How often do you have eight or more drinks on one occasion? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 2. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because you had been drinking? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 3. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of your drinking? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 4. Has a relative or friend, a doctor or other health worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down? __ No      __ Yes, but not in the last year.      __ Yes in the last year. How to Score the FAST Test To score the FAST test, use the following guide to scoring questions 1, 2 and 3: Never:  0 pointsLess than monthly:1 pointMonthly:  2 pointsWeekly:  3 pointsDaily or almost daily: 4 points To score question 4 use the guide below:   No: 0 pointsYes, but not in the last year:  2 pointsYes, in the last year:  4 points Analyzing the Results Now that you have the score, its time to analyze the results. As a general rule, higher scores are better than lower scores.   The maximum score you can get on the FAST test is 16.A total score of 3 indicates hazardous drinking.If a person answers never on the first question, he or she is not a hazardous drinker and the remaining questions are not necessary.If a person answers weekly or daily or almost daily on the first question, he or she is considered a hazardous drinker and you can skip the rest of the questions.If a person answers monthly or less than monthly to the first question, you need the other three questions to complete the screening for hazardous drinking. The FAST Test Compare With  the AUDIT Test and Cage Test The  AUDIT test, a longer screening test, is also an effective screening tool. However, it takes too long to administer and score in most busy physician offices and emergency rooms.   The FAST test is a short, two-phase test that  has four key questions from the AUDIT test. When compared to the full AUDIT test, the FAST test detects 93 percent of hazardous drinkers detected by the longer version. The  CAGE test  measures  alcohol dependency  over a lifetime and, like the FAST test, has four questions. The FAST test, in contrast, measures hazardous drinking in the past 12 months.

Biography of Mike Pence, United States Vice President

Mike Pence (born June 7, 1959) is a conservative American politician who was a member of the House of Representatives and the governor of Indiana before becoming vice president of the United States in the 2016 election. He is serving with President Donald Trump. Fast Facts: Mike Pence Known For: U.S. congressman (2001–2013), governor of Indiana (2013–2017), vice president of the United States (2017–present)Born: June 7, 1959 in Columbus, IndianaParents: Edward Joseph Pence, Jr. and Nancy Pence-FritschEducation: Hanover College (Indiana), BA in 1981; Indiana University School of Law, JD in 1986Spouse: Karen Sue Batten Whitaker (married in 1985)Children: Michael, Charlotte, and Audrey Early Life Mike Pence (Michael Richard Pence) was born on June 7, 1959, in Columbus, Indiana, the third of six children of Edward Joseph and Nancy Cawley Pence. Edwards father was Richard Michael Cawley, an Irish immigrant from Tubbercurry, Ireland, who became a Chicago bus driver. Edward Pence owned a string of gas stations in Indiana and was a Korean War veteran; his wife was an elementary school teacher. Mike Pences parents were Irish Catholic Democrats and Pence grew up admiring President John F. Kennedy, even collecting JFK memorabilia as a youngster. He  graduated from Columbus North High School in 1977, received a BA in history from Hanover College in 1981, and earned a law degree from Indiana University in 1986. Pence met Karen Sue Batten Whitaker, a divorced elementary school teacher, in 1984 at an evangelical church service. They married on June 8, 1985, and have three children: Michael, Charlotte, and Audrey. Early Career As a young man, Pence was a Catholic and a Democrat like his parents, but while at Hanover College, he became a born-again evangelical Christian and a fundamentalist conservative Christian Republican with a desire to serve in politics. He practiced law until he entered politics, making unsuccessful runs for the U.S. Congress in 1988 and 1990. He recalled that experience as one of the most divisive and negative campaigns in Indianas modern Congressional history, and admitted his participation in the negativity, in Confessions of a Negative Campaigner, published in the Indiana Policy Review  in 1991. From 1991 to 1993, Pence served as president of the Indiana Policy Review Foundation, a conservative think-tank. From 1992 to 1999, he hosted a daily conservative talk radio program called the The Mike Pence Show, which was syndicated state-wide in 1994. Pence also hosted a Sunday morning political TV program in Indianapolis from 1995 until 1999. When the Republican representing Indianas 2nd Congressional District announced his retirement in 2000, Pence ran for the seat a third time. 2000 Congressional Election The primary campaign for the seat was a six-way contest pitting Pence against several political veterans, including state Rep. Jeff Linder. Pence emerged the victor and faced the Democratic primary winner Robert Rock, the son of a former Indiana lieutenant governor, and former Republican state Sen. Bill Frazier as a populist independent. After a brutal campaign, Pence was elected after earning 51% of the vote. Congressional Career Pence began his congressional career as one of the most outspoken conservatives in the House. He refused to support a Republican-backed bankruptcy bill because it had an abortion measure in it, with which he disagreed. He also joined a Senate Republican lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the newly enacted McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform law. He was one of just 33 House members to vote against President George W. Bushs No Child Left Behind Act. In 2002, he cast a vote against a farm subsidy bill, for which he would later express regret. Pence won his subsequent reelection; that same year, the district was renumbered as the 6th. In 2005, Pence was elected to chair the Republican Study Committee, an indication of his growing influence. Controversies Later that year, Hurricane Katrina struck the Louisiana coast and Republicans found themselves cast as insensitive and unwilling to assist with the cleanup. In the midst of the catastrophe, Pence called a press conference announcing the Republican-led Congress would include $24 billion in spending cuts, saying ... [W]e must not let Katrina break the bank. Pence also stirred controversy in 2006 when he teamed with Democrats to break a deadlock on immigration. His bill ultimately foundered and he was castigated by conservatives. Campaign for Minority Leader When Republicans took a significant beating in the 2006 election, Pence observed, We didnt just lose our majority. I believe we lost our way. With that, he threw his hat into the ring for Republican leader, a post that had been held for less than a year by Ohio Congressman John Boehner. The debate centered around the failures of the Republican leadership leading up to the general election, but Pence was defeated 168-27. Political Prospecting   Despite his political setbacks, Pence emerged as a major voice for the Republican Party under Democratic House leadership and in 2008, he was elected House Republican Conference Chairman—the third-highest ranked position in House party leadership. He made several trips to primary states in 2009, which led to speculation that he was considering a run for the presidency. After Republicans regained control of the House in 2010, Pence declined to run for Republican leader, throwing his support instead to Boehner. He also stepped down as chair of the Republican Conference, leading many to suspect he would challenge Indiana Sen. Evan Bayh or run for governor of the state. In early 2011, a movement led by former Kansas Rep. Jim Ryun got underway to draft Pence for president in 2012. Pence remained non-committal but said he would make a decision by the end of January 2011. Pence  decided in May 2011 to  seek the  Republican nomination for governor of Indiana. He ultimately won the election by a narrow vote, taking office in  January 2013. In March 2015 he signed a religious freedom bill into law, which allowed businesses to cite religious beliefs in denying service to potential customers. The bill, however, led to accusations of discrimination against the LGBT community. Pence ran unopposed in the Republican primary for governor in May 2016 in a bid for a second term. Vice Presidency During the 2016 presidential campaign, Pence again considered running but backed Texas Sen. Ted Cruz for the GOP nomination. In December 2015, he criticized then-candidate Donald Trumps call for a temporary U.S. ban on people from Muslim-dominated countries as offensive and unconstitutional. The following June, he characterized Trumps critical comments on U.S. District Court Judge Gonzalo Curiel as inappropriate. At the same time, however, Pence praised Trumps stand on jobs. In July, Trump named him as his running mate in the presidential election. Pence accepted and pulled the plug on his gubernatorial campaign. Pence was elected vice president on November 8, 2016, and was sworn in on January 20, 2017, alongside President Donald Trump. Sources DAntonio, Michael and Peter Eisner. The Shadow President: The Truth about Mike Pence. New York: St. Martins Press, 2018. (partisan left)De la Cuetara, Ines and Chris Good. Mike Pence: Everything You Need to Know. ABC News, July 20, 2016.  Neal, Andrea. Pence: The Path to Power. Bloomington, Indiana: Red Lightning Press, 2018. (partisan right)Phillips, Amber. Who is Mike Pence? Washington Post, October 4, 2016.  Mike Pence Fast Facts. CNN, June 14, 2016.

Psychology Theories Of Personality - 1577 Words

1 KirtmanNPSY800-4 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY8100 CLIFFORD THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 4 (ANALYZE THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY) Faculty Use Only The Humanistic Approach to Understanding Personality In the 1950?s, the field of psychology was dominated mainly by two schools of thought: psychoanalytic theory (the unconscious mind and unconscious motivations that shape human behavior), and behaviorism (the ways in which conditioning processes shape human behavior). To many humanistic and positive psychologists, psychoanalysis and behaviorism offered interpretations to personality and behavior that†¦show more content†¦It is as if psychology has voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightful jurisdiction, and that, the darker, meaner half (Maslow, 1954, p. 354). Hence, Maslow and others did not believe that individuals are just the product of their unconscious desires and motivations and their environment. There are four main pillars to the humanistic view on human nature. Firstly, humanistic psychologists believe that individuals have free will to make decisions that want, and go down any path or direction in life. A second assumption is that individuals are innately good and do in fact have a desire to improve their environment and improve themselves. This particular assumption exemplifies the notion that we are optimistic by nature and use our optimism to overcome challenges. In the same vein, individuals have a desire to grow and improve as humans, and experience self-actualization, a process that demonstrates an individual?s need for growth and to have their highest needs fulfilled. According to humanistic theory, if individuals are given the right environment, they will always choose to be their better self. 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As the employee is the most valuable asset toRead MoreTheories Of Personality And Social Psychology3265 Words   |  14 PagesCLIFFORD THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Signature assignment: Explore future directions for personality theory and research in social psychology Apologies it is slightly late. I’ve been trying to upload this and even attach as an email. I’ve had to use an entirely different computer to do this. Faculty Use Only Future directions for personality theory and research in social psychology Introduction and overview of personality in social psychology Social psychologyRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Personality Development1802 Words   |  8 PagesPersonality Report There are many theorists that have made psychology incredible, and have paved the way for what we believe psychology to consist of today. Some important theorists that I believe have made a huge contribution are Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, and Dollard and Miller. 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Reflections on the Course Counter Terrorism Free Essays

During these troubled times, I do believe that it is important for students to be well aware of the things which can create fear within and pose a threat to the whole community. For the past few years, the threats in the international as well as local communities have created a great change in the perspective of the people regarding security. Many have been threatened and manipulated by the fear and paranoia that they could be victims of terrorist attacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections on the Course Counter Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of this, counter terrorism policies and measures must be implemented to uphold national security and lessen the fear of the public. While serving the country as part of the U. S. Army, I have been a witness to and became directly involved in the actions taken by our government against the prevailing violence in the United States. Reflecting upon the things I learned and encountered, I came to realize the importance of counter terrorism in establishing security and upholding peace. Thus, upon taking this course, I do expect that I will considerably learn about counter terrorism in the perspective of the current and past governments, study the various counter terrorism policies and measures, and understand the reason why some of them work while others have been rendered ineffective. Learning about these things will certainly aid me in fulfilling my duty to fight terrorism not only as a member of the U. S. Army but as a citizen of this country. I also expect that a portion of this subject will be dedicated to peace studies which I hope will include the ideologies of Martin Luther King Jr. , Mahatma Gandhi, and other peace advocates. Exploring this topic would be beneficial for the students taking this course, especially for someone like me who is part of the Army, as learning about peace would help me to further grasp the depth and weight of my duty to my country. How to cite Reflections on the Course Counter Terrorism, Papers

Price Discrimination Strategy

Price discrimination strategy is appropriate for the sub shop in a college town, since a lot of potential revenue is lost when using single price strategy for visitors who are willing to pay high prices for similar products. Price discrimination strategy is applicable in businesses where sale of similar goods and services can be transacted by different clients.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Price Discrimination Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is in addition to theoretical markets where there are perfect product and services substitutes, perfect market information, and no products and services re-selling. Strategy of price discrimination only exists with oligopolistic and monopolistic markets where businesses exercise market power. Such market power will allow the firm to avoid cases where the resident buyer may take advantage by buying the standard or low priced goods and selling them to the visitors at a relatively higher price, knowing very well that such a deal will eventually be profitable to him. Therefore, an effective strategy is important for sub shop, knowing that higher prices charged on visitors can significantly increase the revenue considering that visitors’ demand for goods may remain the same (Mills, 2002, p.35). The impact of the strategy of price discrimination between the residents and visitors on social efficiency cannot be understood, since the strategy generally leads to higher prices for the visitors and lower prices for the resident consumers. The strategy will focus on increasing sales for the resident consumers, while extracting reasonable amounts of surplus from the visitors. This would help in ensuring efficiency of the price discrimination strategy and avoid decrease of sales to visitors who pay higher prices for similar goods. The sub shop would undertake market segmentation before price discrimination so as to discourage resident cu stomers from reselling the goods, considering the discounts offered. A firm may still apply price discrimination strategy, but still prevent product resale by using rate fences and maintaining confidentiality of pricing information, an action that will limit chances of resident buyers having access to both pricing models. The product discount should also be restricted to student residents only, and not local residents, who may otherwise turn out to be competitors. Unlike single price strategy, the discriminative strategy rate fences ensure that customers who can pay higher prices for the same product do not pay lower prices.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rate fences strategy makes it impossible for the visitors to switch to the resident class and pay lower prices (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi, 2003, p.250). The sub shop may also relax the similar goods requireme nt for enacting price discrimination through price variation for different products with similar costs of production. This strategy of price discrimination will help to reveal consumers who are willing to pay higher prices for satisfaction of similar needs (Ferrell and Hartline, 2008). Price Ceilings In case the government enacts price ceiling laws of the TV cable industry, the company will have no option but to lower the price in line with legal limit of the cable TV. For the legal limits, the government must place the price ceiling below market equilibrium for the law to be effective. When the cable TV price ceiling is set, there would be a shortage, since there will be more demand than the industry can supply at the equilibrium price. This will result into the cable TV market inefficiency because quantity supplied by the industry at the price ceiling would lead to marginal benefit exceeding marginal cost (Mankiw, 1998, p.112). The graph below indicates the shortage that will occu r when price ceiling is set below the equilibrium. Price Ceiling Graph Source:  College-Cram Economics.  Price Ceiling. Web. The dashed line represents the maximum ceiling price above the market equilibrium while the red line represents price ceiling below the equilibrium level. There is a different effect when the price ceiling is below the equilibrium price. The suppliers cannot charge the price demanded by the market and must meet the price limit set by the government legislation. The equilibrium price of the cable TV is the price at which the number of cables TV demanded is equal to the number of cable TV supplied. In general terms, the market forces of the industry do not vary to change both demand and supply at equilibrium level.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Price Discrimination Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the government regulations would have placed the price ceiling above th e equilibrium, there would be no effect since the limit is above the market price. When consumers demand increases above supplier’s ability to supply, it results in shortages, which leads to rationing of cable TV in the market. Perfectly Competitive Markets When demand for products is perfectly elastic in perfectly competitive markets, there are no consumers’ surpluses, since prices that consumers are willing to pay precisely match the prices with which the goods are sold. Firms in this kind of market are price-takers of the ruling market price, since all firms aim at selling as much as they could, thus influencing demand and supply in the market, which in turn fluctuate price levels. In perfectly competitive markets, individual firms cause minor impact on market price, have highly elastic demand, and have no entry barriers. In addition, average revenue of firms in perfectly competitive market is equal to price, which is constant and equal to marginal revenue. Profitab ility of the firms depends on revenue and costs of the firms. Therefore, profitability is maximized when marginal costs are increasing, but equal to marginal revenue. Marginal revenue, which is dependent on every additional sale decreases when demand of products falls, consequently hampering profitability, both in the short run and in the long run. When demand of a product falls in a perfectly competitive market, it negatively affects profitability in the short run. Moreover, persistent low demand in the long run would lead to a number of companies shutting down, thus leaving the most competitive firms for increased profitability. Indeed, firms may exit the industry permanently after consecutively making loses where average revenue is more than average total costs. However, firms that are on downward trend are likely to incur huge loses, since fixed costs outweigh average revenue when the demand is low. Alternatively, firms may strive to remain in operation and seek competitive adva ntage over their competitors, with the understanding that fixed costs incurred are unrecoverable whether they shut down or proceed with operation. Firms have the option of leaving the industry when their sales revenue is less than projected long run revenue. In addition, firms need to exit when their total revenue is not equal or more than total cost, since they make no profits in the long run.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In perfectly competitive markets, new entrants are encouraged to enter the market in order to benefit from potential profits, as evidenced by the existing firms (Hall Lieberman, 2009, p.360). The graph below shows prices of products with regards to marginal revenue and costs, which are major determinants of the number of firms and their profitability in the perfectly competitive market. Competitive industry and firm Prices and Output Source: Tutor2u,  Competition. Web. Average Cost Curves Economies and diseconomies of scale of specific firms are indicated by long run average cost curves. When a company grows, it aims at attaining maximum amount of economies of scale and minimum amount of diseconomies of scale depicted by a positively sloping curve. Average cost curve becomes steeper on the downward side because the firm is more inelastic to variations in cost with regards to production quantity. In the firm’s microeconomic short run, managers need to ensure that the firm puts into consideration the aspect of fixed quantity of factors of production. Such factors may include buildings and machineries used for production in the long run and may not be easily varied to meet short run needs of production. In case quantities of factors of production remain fixed during a specified period, then they are regarded as fixed factors of production. On the other hand, when quantities of factors of production can be varied during a specific period, then they are regarded as variable factors of production. Managers of firms should put into consideration the use of factors of production in the long run, and consider modification and selling of fixed factors of production in the short run. In the long run, firms consider all factors of production as variable, unlike in the short run. Moreover, companies use factors of production to come up with other products. Indeed, production function is the relationship between a firm’s output and factors (Rittenberg Tre garthen, N.d). Price Discrimination A new model of digital camera may cost more when it is being released into the market than a year later when it will no longer be considered new. Generally, a new model of camera released into the market qualifies for fashion goods, signaling status. For effective signaling of status, the camera must cost more to obtain, since firms exercise price discrimination for clients willing to spend more to achieve status. However, similar cost for the camera now and a year later negates the value that clients are looking for. Resource needed to attain the fashion status can be limited wealth. Non-wealth constraint with regards to purchase of status products enables status signal to be recognized easily as a relative rank indicator. Status seekers are continuously attempting to improve their social rank perceptions through status acquisition. The absence of price discrimination on new models of cameras that have just been released into the market may fail to achieve status, since there would be difference between the product purchased now and one purchased a year later. Moreover, a unique feature of market demand curve for new models of camera is that, it varies inversely to the stock of the product in the market. Prices of fashion goods or new models have a positive relation with supply of goods. Perception of theses goods remains positive until the price of the product is reduced and is now readily affordable to many consumers. Nevertheless, consumers who initially buy the product are willing to pay a higher price, since the model is new unlike a year later when other models will be in demand (Krishnamurthy, 2005, p.45) Implications and Rationale of the New Guidelines The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission issued new Guidelines that place emphasis on innovation as a factor to be considered in determining acceptability of horizontal mergers. The rationale of innovation is that, it is often initiated by competitio n and the need to minimize costs and increase efficiency. The new Guidelines seek to outline major analytical techniques, enforcement legislations, and practices used to evaluate potential competitors undertaking mergers and acquisitions. The new Guidelines by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission puts into consideration economic and legal developments, although according to agencies, the guidelines are not intended to bring about changes with regards to merger review policies. The guidelines are intended to enhance clarity in issues regarding the processes of merger review so as to help the business environment, particularly in mergers and acquisitions (Jones Mortin, 2000, p113). The guidelines aim at helping agencies and the business community to challenge and identify harmful mergers in uniformity, while also evading unnecessary merger interferences that are either beneficial competitively or have the likelihood that it will have no competitive impact in mar ketplace.  Considering this, byproducts will act as an indicator to the business environment on the types of mergers that are likely to cause widespread scrutiny. References Ferrell, O. C., and Hartline, M. (2008). Marketing Strategy. OH: Cengage Learning. Hall, R. E., Lieberman, M. (2009). Economics: Principle an Application. OH: Cengage Learning. Jones, P. L., Mortin, J. F. (2000). Federal Trade Commission: Study Needed to Assess the Effects of Recent Divestitures on Competition in Retail Markets. NY: DIANE Publishing. Krishnamurthy, S. (2005). Contemporary Research in E-Marketing. PA: Idea Group Inc (IGI). Mankiw, G. (1998). Microeconomics. NY: Elsevier. Mills, G. (2002). Retail Pricing Strategies and Market Power.  Melbourne Univ. Web. Rittenberg, L., Tregarthen, T. Principles of Macro-Economics. Production costs. Web. Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, B., Simchi-Levi, E. (2003). Designing and Managing Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies and Case Studies. NY: McGraw Hill Profess ional. This assessment on Price Discrimination Strategy was written and submitted by user Tia I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jemima J essays

Jemima J essays Jemima J by Jane Green is a classic story of ugly ducklings and swans for the Internet age. Jemima Jones is an employee at the Kilburn Herald, a small London newspaper. As she eats her way through her disappointments, her model thin, fly-by-night flat mates treat her like a maid. Two people touch Jemima very much in this story, Geraldine, a money-hungry, gorgeous co-worker who uses Jemima's writing abilities to her advantage. Then there is the striking and talented Ben Williams is also a co-worker. However, he also happens to be the love of Jemima's life, unfortunately, he is ignorant to the fact that Jemima has any feelings for him. As the Kilburn Herald goes online, she meets Brad, a wonderful California hunk, in an Internet chat room. After that day, everything changes for Jemima. To Brad, she is known as the slim, hip, spellbinding, glamorous, "JJ". Brad and her talk for some time and come to the conclusion that they should meet, there is only one major problem, Jemima isn't not the JJ that Brad thinks that she is and she much change in order to meet his expectations. Once Jemima is in California there are many people and events that help her to realize that California is not that place for her and that Brad is not the man he led her to believe he was. The theme of Jemima J is: outer beauty isn't worth all of the pain and struggle. Throughout the novel, Jemima struggles with her appearance. Whether it is getting passed over for assignments at work for a less-talented, more attractive Geraldine, getting treating like a maid by her roommates or getting the surprise of her life in California when she finds out just how vain Brad is. As the novel begins Jemima tells the reader a little about herself and her daily routine. This routine includes getting up in the morning only to feel horrible about her looks, going to a caf for breakfast and looking at magazines at the faces and bodies of the stunning mo...

Origin of the Roman Satire Genre

Origin of the Roman Satire Genre Roman literature began as an imitation of the Greek literary forms, from the epic stories of Greek heroes and tragedy to the poem known as an epigram. It was only in satire that the Romans could claim originality since the Greeks never split satire off into its own genre. Satire, as invented by the Romans, had a tendency from the beginning towards social criticism- some of it quite nasty- which we still associate with satire. But the defining characteristic of Roman satire was that it was a medley, like a modern revue. Menippean Satire The Romans produced two types of satire. Menippean satire was frequently a parody, blending prose and verse. The first use of this was the Syrian Cynic philosopher Menippus of Gadara (fl. 290 B.C.). Varro (116-27 B.C.) brought it into Latin. The Apocolocyntosis (Pumpkinification of Claudius), attributed to Seneca, a parody of the deification of the drooling emperor, is the only extant Menippean satire. We also have large segments of the Epicurean satire/novel, Satyricon, by Petronius. Verse Satire The other and more important type of satire was the verse satire. Satire unqualified by Menippean usually refers to the verse satire. It was written in dactylic hexameter meter, like epics. Its stately meter partly accounts for its relatively high place in the hierarchy of poetry quoted at the beginning. Founder of the Genre of Satire Although there were earlier Latin writers instrumental in developing the genre of satire, the official founder of this Roman genre is Lucilius, of whom we have only fragments. Horace, Persius, and Juvenal followed, leaving us many complete satires about the life, vice, and moral decay they saw around them. Antecedents of Satire Attacking the foolish, a component of ancient or modern satire, is found in Athenian Old Comedy whose sole extant representative is Aristophanes. The Romans borrowed from him and other than extant Greek writers of comedy, Cratinus, and Eupolus, according to Horace. The Latin satirists also borrowed attention-grabbing techniques from Cynic and Skeptic preachers whose extemporaneous sermons, called diatribes, could be embellished with anecdotes, character sketches, fables, obscene jokes, parodies of serious poetry, and other elements also found in Roman satire.